Linux

# Up arrow will retrieve last input command

you can also edit the command with the side arrow key, and the backspace key. i believe the default is last 100 commands in the mem.

# cat <filename>

# cat it typically used to concatinate files together so it just

# dumps content to STDOUT (your terminal)

# more <filename>

# more is user friendly shows a page at a time and pauses in

between.

# less <filename>

# less is the linux claim to fame for the coined phrase "less is

more"

# b/c less does what more does but it lets you look back at

previous pages

# and other useful things.

# man less will give good info.

# use "q" to quit out of less, more.

# Try cat, use more and then check out less and you will agee

that

# less IS more.

#

# use grep to get lines that match a pattern or don't for that

matter.

# example

# grep <string> <filename>

glen@goliath:/etc$ grep dale /etc/aliases

ruth: dale, chris

joshua: dale, chris

hannah: dale, chris

noah: dale, chris

allkids: cynthia, joey, glen, amanda, dale,

sold: glen, dale

router: glen, dale

itboys: paul, dale, glen, grant

allit: paul, dale, glen, grant

dale, paul, grant, glen, joey

genxboys: dale, paul, grant, glen, joey

dale, paul, grant, glen, cindy, ewart

dale, paul, grant, glen, cindy, ewart

dale, paul, glen, newkirk, ewart

#

# man grep and get good info this is a usful tool

two good commands for finding stuff

# locate <filename>

ie

# locate httpd.conf

the find command

# find <start in this directory> -name <the name of the file you are looking for> ie # find /etc -name httpd.conf if you want to use the wild card in find you have to escape it (preceed wildcard) with a \ otherwise it will look for the literal charactor "*" ie # find / -name httpd\*

<Shell> -x <script name> will execute script and display activity

ie - /bin/sh -x fp_install.sh will run fp install, and echo each line as it is run through

foo is the name of a temp file

> foo will direct the output to foo and overright it

>> foo will direct the output to foo and append to it

File Permissions

How do I add users, add groups, and change permissions on files and

# This is a loaded question.

# there are a few ways to add users and groups for now i will just tell you

# the automated way, but do understand that this can be done manually.

# to add users use:

# adduser

# for groups...you guessed it

# addgroup

# it is actually the same script check out the manpages

# man adduser

OWNERSHIP

# this is huge

2 comands you need

chown - change file owner and group

chmod - change file access permissions

# owner and groups is an easy one.

# execute ls -la (that is ls space minus la)

# the third column is the owner and the 4th is the group

# use:

# chown <owner>:<group> <filename>

# yes that is a colon between owner and group, no space.

# i think it is obveous that you have to be the owner or root

# to modify these perms

example:glen@goliath:~$ ls -la foo

-rw-r--r-- 1 glen glen 0 May 21 14:33 foo

glen@goliath:~$ su

Password:

root@goliath:/home/hodgins/glen# chown dale:backup foo

root@goliath:/home/hodgins/glen# ls -la foo

-rw-r--r-- 1 dale backup 0 May 21 14:33 foo

PERMISIONS

# the first column of "ls -la" is the permision column

# there are 10 potential slots

# if slot1is a - this means it is a file

# slot1 is "d" then this is a directory

# last nine slots are ownership for:

# slot 2,3,4 owner pems

# slot 5,6,7 group perms

# slot 8,9,10 world perms

# the three slots for each refer to read write and execute.

# changing them is where it gets a little tricky

# think of it like this rEAD=4 wRITE=2 ExECUTE=1

# now just add them together to get the desired permission and use chmod

# in the following example i will make the file foo rwx for the owner (dale)

# rx for the group "backup" and read (r) for the world, so if i add these

# up i need to use 754

root@goliath:/home/hodgins/glen# chmod 754 foo

root@goliath:/home/hodgins/glen# ls -la foo

-rwxr-xr-- 1 dale backup 0 May 21 14:33 foo

root@goliath:/home/hodgins/glen#

General Commands

ls - list

# these will be links so execute ls -la this will show where the actual file is

cp <from> <to> - copy

mv <from> <to> - move

dmesg - hardware Probe

cat <file> - show file

more <file> - show file a page at a time

less <file> - interactive version of more ie: use /<string> to search.

this is where the linux expression "less is more" comes from.

look for stuff -

find <start dir> -name <what you are looking for>

example below = find starting in the root dir all files named go

# find / -name exim

<control>C stop command from running

<Tab> will auto complete to the next duplicated character

# cd ../ (that is cd space dot dot slash) - backup one directory

Configure Startup

Reconfigure startup jobs/programs

all startup scripts live in /etc/rc2.d, and /etc/rc3.d

most have soft links to /etc/init.d/

/etc/rc3.d and move the startup file from Sname to sname

the capital S in the beginning of the script dicates the script is to run at startup

Installing

Network

Set IP address and place on network

all network info is in /etc/network/interfaces file and this is a Dynamic file.

it is a good idea to back up a file b4 you edit. just make a copy.

# cd /etc/network

# cp interfaces interfaces.bak

Setup Machine name

# the package is samba. config is pretty simple

# man samba and check out samba.org

there a way to change that to be the same as an existing domain?

# yes, then all you would be doing is adding the machine to your

domain.

# again the samba config file is were this is done.

# typical install the file path is: /etc/samba/smb.conf

I see nothing in the rcX.d files they are all empty (or so it

seams)

# execute ls -la

# this will show you if they are links to other files.

Setup DNS

ndlookup or dig is the tool for looking up and checking DNS configuration

DNS uses has 3 files

-/etc/resolv.conf

example follows:

root@goliath:/etc# more resolv.conf

search hodgins.org

nameserver 66.255.30.90

nameserver 66.255.30.93

-/etc/nsswitch.conf

default should be OK.

-/etc/hosts

Setup all hosts that need to be resolved

Setup Outside sources

Become superuser (just type su) ß same passwd as <root>

cd to /etc/apt

add the following three lines to the file /etc/apt/sources.list

deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main

deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free

deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US stable/non-US main contrib non-free

comment out all other lines with a # sign at the beginning of the line.

Save and quit the file

Do the following at the prompt.

# apt-get update

# apt-get upgrade

This will point your package source list to the net

And load all security updates on the machine.

We will automate this later

Setup SSH

Network Services

To turn on telnet

# load the binary

# apt-get install telnet

Finding installed Components

1. use the web www.debain.org

2. check the package files.

there are 3 distributions stable, un-stable, testing http://www.debian.org/distrib/packages

each distribution will load with 3 files they include the following:

- /var/lib/apt/lists/http.us.debian.org_debian_dists_stable_contrib_binary-i386_Packages

- /var/lib/apt/lists/http.us.debian.org_debian_dists_stable_main_binary-i386_Packages

- /var/lib/apt/lists/http.us.debian.org_debian_dists_stable_non-free_binary-i386_Packages

Notice the difference: contrib, main, non-free

To know what packages need upgrading.

# apt-get knows.

# www.debian.org search on packages.

# the command for linux is dpkg -l

# to check for a specific package use grep ie:

glen@goliath:~$ dpkg -l | grep mysql

ii libdbd-mysql-p 1.2216-2 mySQL database interface for Perl

ii libmysqlclient 3.23.49-8.2 mysql database client library

ii mysql-client 3.23.49-8.2 mysql database client binaries

ii mysql-common 3.23.49-8.2 mysql database common files (e.g. /etc/mysql

ii mysql-server 3.23.49-8.2 mysql database server binaries

ii php4-mysql 4.1.2-6 MySQL module for php4

glen@goliath:~$

Adding Components

Install new or updates pieces.

# for all updates use apt-get install <package>

Telnet

# load the binary

# apt-get install telnet

FTP

# FTP not too secure i would use ssh

(What process do I need to run) FTP and telnet work as clients, but not servers.

# there are a few packages for ftp:

root@goliath:~# grep "Package: ftp" main

Package: ftp

Package: ftp-proxy

Package: ftp-ssl

Package: ftp-upload

Package: ftp-utils

Package: ftpd

Package: ftpd-ssl

Package: ftpfs-src

Package: ftpfs-utils

Package: ftpgrab

Package: ftplib-dev

Package: ftplib3

Package: ftpmirror

Package: ftpwatch

Upgrading Components

To upgrade individual packages

# apt-get update

# apt-get install <pkage>

# man apt-get good info.

Removing Components

Creating file links

The first thing that you want to do is create links to these file so that you do not

have always remember where they are.

1. go to your home dir as root

2. create a soft link

3. vi, cat, grep, more, less the link you just created in your home dir.

example follows.

root@goliath:~# cd

root@goliath:~# pwd

/root

root@goliath:~# ln -s /var/lib/apt/lists/http.us.debian.org_debian_dists_stable_main_binary-i386_Packages main root@goliath:~# ls -la main

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 83 May 16 15:55 main -> /var/lib/apt/lists/http.us.debian.org_debian_dists_stable_main_binary-i386_Packages

root@goliath:~# grep "Package: mysql" main

Package: mysql-client

Package: mysql-common

Package: mysql-navigator

Package: mysql-server

Package: mysqltcl

root@goliath:~#

Local Services

most services have startup scripts in the /etc/rc3.d dir.

you can execute <script> start or <stop> stop.

ie:

/etc/rc3.d/apache-ssl stop

/etc/rc3.d/apache-ssl start

to check of somethig is runing chech the process table.

ps -ef | grep <something>

for apache execute:

ps -ef | grep apache

To Start and Stop services

# the machine must know where you are.

# if you are in the directory use

# ./apache stop (that is dot slash file space stop)

# you can always use full path

# /etc/init.d/apache stop

debian:~# ps -ef | grep apache

root 8568 1 0 May18 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/apache

www-data 9125 8568 0 06:25 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/apache

www-data 9126 8568 0 06:25 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/apache

www-data 9127 8568 0 06:25 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/apache

www-data 9128 8568 0 06:25 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/apache

www-data 9129 8568 0 06:25 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/apache

root 9342 9315 0 09:41 pts/0 00:00:00 grep apache

so is it stopped? I would think it is still running.

# always trust the ps table

# you are correct it is still running.

Remote Services

A - Get putty - http://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/x86/putty.exe

B - use ssh to <your IP address>

On the Linux machine-

C - run keygen to create a new password for you.

D - At the prompt create run ssh-key-gen.

<username>@<machine name>: ssh-keygen –t rsa

follow the prompts and give a passcode that is secure.

this will also create a file by default in /root/.ssh/.id_rsa

E - create a /todo file that has a list of the things to

Setup and Configure Users

Browsing

To open a browser, and navigate the new (can I do this with a mouse)

# mouse needs X

# use lynx http://www.hodgins.org

# man lynx <-- good info.

lynx <URL> will download if it is directed to a file

Wger <URL> will download if it is directed to a file

Xwindows

# mouse needs X

Compatibility with Windows

How do I set the system up to browse it from Windows? Can I share the

entire drive for display, or only directories?

# all are possible samba is the tool

# it is probably running already

# check out /etc/samba/smb.conf

How do I set permissions

on that share?

# in the /etc/samba/smb.conf file

Can I set it up so that I can use Windows domain permissions on Linux?

(I may have already asked this one)

# This is a good one. if you open a share i believe that windows can control the

# permissions on files in that dir but otherwise i think not?

Setup Apache

Apache

load apache and configure ref: www.apache.org

What is the difference between a sub web, and a virtual host?

# good explanation of sub-web

# http://www.cyfi.com/support/websupport/organizing/create_subweb.htm

# a virtual host is set up to create a shorter link to a deep page.

# or a page that you want to keep outside the scope of the web pages ie: /var/wwwpub/

# for example i have set up

# https://mail.hodgins.org as a website for users to get mail.

# This makes getting there easy. (yes this works if you have an account

# you can send and receive mail. Try it.) squirrelmail it written totally in php.

# i just added the following lines to my httpd.conf file

#-----hodgins.org-----Secure--------

SSLEnable

Port 443

DocumentRoot /usr/share/squirrelmail/

TransferLog /var/log/apache-ssl/access.log

ErrorLog /var/log/apache-ssl/error.log

</VirtualHost>

# you will notice that the web pages actually reside in /usr/share/squirrelmail

How are

the two distinguished in the browser?

# the browser does not care, it just need a valid link.

# it is the config file that is essentially facking out the browser.

(I think I can figure it out from there)

Setup Exim

Exim

install exim (mail) and configure ref:www.exim.org

Apt-install Exim

Setup PHP

phpfetch - will recall a web page with original programming

Setup MySql

Troubleshooting

xwindows

How do I troubleshoot xwindows

# as you run startup script ( ./S99script) errors should show.

A Stepwise to installing Debian

1. load all desired programs off the CD

2. Setup IP Address

3. Setup DNS

4. Setup Source Files

5. Update all file

6. Setup file links

7. Setup SSH

8. Setup Remote Access

A Stepwise to installing apache

1. Install Apache

2. Configure Apache

configuration file name = /etc/apache/httpd.conf

Example - httpd.conf

A Stepwise to installing Exim

1. Install Exim

A Stepwise to installing PHP

1. Install PHP

A Stepwise to installing MySql

1. Install My Sql

# use apt-get install mysql

A Stepwise to installing FrontPage Extensions

1. download the extensions from microsoft

2. Do the following: Installing Extensions

Helpful information to know as you install and accept the defaults.

there is an error in the fp_install.sh file -

you need to edit the file with vi, and change line xxxx from cp -p <filename> to cp -r -p <filename>

or it will fail on copying the /etc/apache directory to /etc/apache.orig

apache configuration file name = /etc/apache/httpd.conf

If you have not made any changes to users

Administrator = root Password = <what you defined at system setup>

Virtual Hosts are...

Sub Webs are...

If you need to reinstall the extensions you will need to delete the frontpage directory from /var/local/frontpage